Come materiale di consultazione per i soci della SPR-Italia, pubblichiamo qui alcune parti di un lavoro di Chambless et al. (1998) dove vengono elencati i criteri, elaborati a partire dal lavoro svolto da una Task Force dellAmerican Psychological Association (APA), che devono essere soddisfatti per far rientrare una specifica tecnica psicoterapeutica nell'elenco delle cosiddette "terapie validate empiricamente", o Empirically Supported Treatments (EST); dopo vengono mostrati alcuni esempi di psicoterapie che rientrano in questa categoria (il riferimento dell'articolo è il seguente: Chambless D.L., Baker M.J., Baucom D.H., Beutler L.E., Calhoun K.S., Crits-Cristoph P., Daiuto A., DeRubeis R.J., Detweiler J., Haaga D.A., Bennett Johnson S., McCurry S, Mueser K.T., Pope K.S., Sanderson W.C., Shoham V., Stickle T., Williams D.A. & Woody S.R., Update on empirically validated therapies, II. The Clinical Psychologist, 1998, 51, 1: 3-16 [la prima parte di questo articolo era uscita nel 1996, 49, 1: 5-14]). Le psicoterapie validate empiricamente sono tecniche psicoterapeutiche la cui efficacia è stata dimostrata in studi sperimentali controllati appropriati, che hanno una elevata validità interna (ossia che soddisfano precisi criteri di rigore metodologico). Negli anni più recenti, anche grazie alla spinta del movimento della "medicina basata sulle evidenze" (Evidence-Based Medicine [EBM]), si è avvertita sempre più l'esigenza di sottoporre a rigorose prove sperimentali anche i singoli trattamenti psichiatrici e psicologici, nell'interesse dei servizi di salute mentale e degli utenti stessi; tutto ciò ha parallelamente condotto al progressivo affermarsi di un modello di psichiatria "evidence-based" (si rimanda all'articolo di Giovanni de Girolamo "Evidence-Based Psychiatry: verso un nuovo paradigma della pratica clinica", Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria, 1997, CXXI, 2: 147-178). A scanso di equivoci, vogliamo precisare che gli empirically supported treatments non rappresentano gli unici trattamenti efficaci, essendo invece tutti gli altri inefficaci o da abbandonare. Essi rappresentano solo i trattamenti che sono già stati sottoposti a studi sperimentali e sui quali vi sono prove, talvolta molto forti, in favore della loro efficacia; tuttavia, vi possono essere altri trattamenti psicoterapeutici altrettanto efficaci, o forse ancor più efficaci, ma per i quali non si dispone di evidenze scientifiche, essendo gli studi clinici che li riguardano ancora in corso o non ancora pubblicati. Questa affermazione è particolarmente importante quando si parla di psicoterapia, che costituisce un campo di indagine scientifica molto complesso, in continua evoluzione, e per il quale sono necessari molta sofisticazione metodologica e tanto tempo (non raramente anni) per portare a termine uno studio sperimentale. Non a caso gli elenchi delle psicoterapie validate empiricamente sono in continuo cambiamento e vengono aggiornati ripetutamente a seconda degli studi che di anno in anno vengono messi a disposizione della comunità scientifica internazionale. Sarebbe quindi un errore fare affidamento solo sui trattamenti attualmente validati, e scoraggiare - da parte delle autorità sanitarie - la pratica e la sperimentazione dei tanti trattamenti che ancora non hanno ricevuto una validazione scientifica, poiché la psicoterapia è una scienza non solo ancora molto giovane ma anche estremamente complessa dal punto di vista del suo statuto epistemologico, e non facilmente equiparabile ai trattamenti medici per i quali esiste una metodologia sperimentale ormai consolidata (si pensi alle complesse questioni della praticabilità del placebo, della natura del cambiamento terapeutico, ecc.). Pensiamo tuttavia che sia utile far conoscere il livello di conoscenze in questo campo, con la speranza che ciò sia di stimolo per il progresso della ricerca anche in Italia (per un dibattito sugli EST, si veda, tra le altre cose, la sezione speciale del n. 2/1998 di Psychotherapy Research, organo della SPR, dedicata alla controversia su questo problema, con una introduzione di R. Elliott ["Editor's introduction: A guide to the empirically supported treatments controversy", Psychotherapy Research, 1998, 8, 2: 115-125] e alcuni articoli [rispettivamente di W.P. Henry; A.C. Bohart, M. O'Hara & L.M. Leitner; B.M. Strauss & H. Kächele]; questa controversia è continuata nel n. 4/2000, con due articoli, rispettivamente di G.K. Lampropoulos e A.C. Bohart). Come si accennato sopra, il lavoro della Chambless et al. è nato all'interno di una Task Force on Psychological Interventions della Division 12 (Clinical Psychology) dell'APA ( Dianne Chambless presiede la Task Force, e gli altri autori ne sono i membri), ma rappresenta solo una bozza provvisoria e personale degli autori, e non un documento ufficiale dell'APA. Per la versione definitiva ed ufficiale, rimandiamo all'articolo di Dianne L. Chambless & Thomas H. Ollendick "Empirically supported psychological interventions: controversies and evidence", Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52: 685-716 (trad. it.: Gli interventi psicologici validati empiricamente: controversie ed evidenze empiriche. Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 2001, XXXV, 3: 5-46). Inoltre segnaliamo un importantissimo lavoro di Drew Westen in cui viene fatta una serrata critica alla metodologia degli EST: Westen D., Morrison K. & Thompson-Brenner H., The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychological Bulletin, 2004, 130: 631-663 (trad. it.: Lo statuto empirico delle psicoterapie validate empiricamente: assunti, risultati e pubblicazione delle ricerche. Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 2005, XXXIX, 1: 7-90 - per un riassunto di alcuni passaggi di questo lungo articolo, vedi: Migone P., Sono veramente efficaci le psicoterapie evidence-based? Il Ruolo Terapeutico, 2005, 98: 103-114. Edizione su Internet: http://www.psychomedia.it/pm/modther/probpsiter/ruoloter/rt98-05.htm). Qui pubblichiamo prima i "Criteri per giudicare una psicoterapia validata empiricamente", e poi alcuni "Esempi di trattamenti validati empiricamente", con alla fine la bibliografia dell'articolo in modo tale da poter reperire i riferimenti delle voci citate. Come si vede, vengono elencati due tipi di trattamenti: quelli "ben consolidati" e quelli "probabilmente efficaci".
Questo lavoro è originato all'interno di una Task Force on Psychological Interventions della Division 12 (Clinical Psychology) dell'American Psychological Association (APA), ma è solo una bozza provvisoria e personale degli autori, non un documento ufficiale dell'APA Criteri per i "Trattamenti ben consolidati"
Criteri per i "Trattamenti probabilmente efficaci"
"Trattamenti ben consolidati" Ansia e stress:
Depressione:
Problemi fisici:
Problemi dell'infanzia:
Conflitti coniugali:
"Trattamenti probabilmente efficaci" Ansia:
Abuso e dipendenza da sostanze:
Depressione:
Problemi fisici:
Conflitti coniugali:
Problemi dell'infanzia:
Disfunzioni sessuali:
Altri disturbi:
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